What row on the periodic table only loses a single electron

Glass is transparent to visibile light under normal conditions; however, at extremely high intensities, glass will absorb most of the light incident upon it. this works through a process known as multiphoton absorption. in this process, several photons are absorbed at the same time. if very intense light whose photons carry 2ev of energy is shined onto a material with a band gap of 4ev, that light can be absorbed through two-photon absorption, because two photons have the right amount of energy to bridge the band gap. what is the minimum number of photons of 800-nm light that are needed to equal or exceed the band gap of fused silica glass

Which of the following elements is in the same period as phosphorus? a. carbon c. nitrogen b. magnesium d. oxygen select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d

Which example has gravitational potential energy? a.a horse slowing down from a run b.an apple about to fall from a tree branch c.a bicycle being pedaled down a horizontal path d.beaker sitting on the floor