What process makes it possible for optical fibers to transmit telephone conversations over long distances?

A fiber-optic cable is made up of incredibly thin strands of glass or plastic known as optical fibers; one cable can have as few as two strands or as many as several hundred. Light travels down a fiber-optic cable by bouncing repeatedly off the walls. If light hits glass at a really shallow angle (less than 42 degrees), it reflects back in again—as though the glass were really a mirror. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. It's one of the things that keeps light inside the pipe.