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which electrons participate in chemical bonding?
a. the innermost electrons
b. valence electrons
c. any electrons
d. core electrons

B. Valence Electrons

Reason:

The valence electrons are the number of electrons in an outer shell of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms. Atoms with a relatively empty outer shell will want to give up electrons.

atomic = no of protons.

mass number-atomic number = neutron number