Which scientist explained that the lines in the spectrum reflect the energy changes of electrons for an element's atom when an electron jumps from an orbital of higher energy to one of lower energy?

a.
john dalton

b.
ernest rutherford

c.
j. j. thomson

d.
niels bohr

The answer is  a.first and third quarters 

stands for electromotive force and it is measured in volts. despite its name, it is not actually the force in the sense of being a "pushing" or "pulling" (not measured in newtons).an equation that relates emf,  ℰ,  to a battery's terminal voltage, v, current, i, and internal resistance, r, is    ℰ = v + irin this case, the emf can be interpreted as a voltage—a difference in electric potential.i would not say that it would be considered an energy. if emf can be defined as the energy/work per a unit charge from a battery or other electric source, then it is not strictly energy.