Which two options are examples of waves refracting?

Is the alien theory a scientific claim? why or why not? just took the test it was , : " the alien theory is not a scientific claim because it is not based on valid data, there is no evidence to support it, and it does not come from a reliable source."

What is the earliest point in the universe that we can observe? why can’t we see back further than this?

Aball thrown by ginger is moving upward through the air. diagram a shows a box with a downward arrow. diagram b shows a box with an upward arrow. diagram c shows a box with a downward and upward arrow equal in size. diagram d shows a box with a downward and upward arrow with the downward arrow larger in size. which force diagram represents the forces on the ball? you may neglect the effects of air resistance.