Describe reflection and refraction. How do these processes enable astronomers to build telescopes? Do these principles work equally well for ALL types of non-optical telescopes; i. e. those built to view the non-visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (radio, infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma)? Explain carefully by using at least two specific examples from the list of the five.

 θ₁ = θ₂,    n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin  θ₂

instruments can be built that concentrate light on a small surface

Explanation:

The two laws of optical geometry have been known for quite some time.

The law of reflection states that when a ray of light reaches a surface, the reflected ray comes out at the same angle as the incident ray.

       θ₁ = θ₂

The law of refraction establishes how the direction of a light ray changes when it stops from one transparent medium to another.

           n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin  θ₂

With any of these laws, instruments can be built that concentrate light on a small surface, which allows the weak light from the flares to be concentrated and objects to be measured and seen.

Electromagnetic radiation in its entire spectrum has the same properties, which is why telescopes of visible, infrared, and microwave light. Radio telescope, gamma rays use the same principles of the law of reflection and refraction. The main change between each instrument is the materials and which they are built,

a reflecting telescope must be built with a reflective surface, for example for microwaves metal surfaces are used

For gamma ray telescope it is preferred to constrict refracting telescope, therefore the material must be transparent to gamma rays

The radio telescope uses reflection and the surface is metallic, sometimes to reduce the weight the surface has holes smaller than the length of the donut that you want to measure.

t.                 w               e                 n                   t                 y                 c             h               a           r           a               c                 t             e             r             s        

see the picture for the vector

the magnitude of the vector by pythagorean theorem

r = √( (-10)^2 + (3)^2 ) = √109

magnitude = √109 units

the direction angle between vector and x-axis is

tan^(-1)(3/10) = 16.699

so the direction is approximately 16.7 degrees north of west