A 30 kg male emperor penguin under a clear sky in the Antarctic winter loses very little heat to the environment by convection; its feathers provide very good insulation. It does lose some heat through its feet to the ice, and some heat due to evaporation as it breathes; the combined power is about 12 W. The outside of the penguin's body is a chilly −22∘C, but its surroundings are an even chillier −38∘C. The penguin's surface area is 0.56 m2, and its emissivity is 0.97. What is the rate of energy loss by radiation

Rate of energy loss by radiation is 28.31 Watt

Explanation:

Given that;

m = 30 kg

power p = 12 W

emissivity e = 0.97

Surface Area A = 0.56 m²

outside of the penguin's body  T = −22°C

surroundings Temperature Ts = -38°C

the rate of energy loss by radiation = ?

Now, using Stefan-Boltzmann law;

P = σeA [ T⁴ - Ts⁴ ]

Stefan's constant σ = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸

so we substitute

P = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸ × 0.97 ×  0.56  [ (-22 + 273 k)⁴ - (-38 + 273 k )⁴]

= 3.079944 × 10⁻⁸ [ 919325376]

=  28.31 Watt

the rate of energy loss by radiation is 28.31 Watt

answer;

d. are made mostly of liquid

explanation;

-the general   composition and structure planets includes; they have a thick gas and liquid layer covering a small,solid core. mostly the gases are hydrogen and helium atmosphere and layers of liquid hydrogen. for instance neptune and uranus are examples of the outer planets, they have a core covered by ice and ammonia.

-neptune's atmosphere is hydrogen and helium with a bit of methane so there is no oxygen to breath and the interior is made up of frozen water and ammonia with a rock and iron core. thus, there is no liquid water or solid surface to survive.

there are no atoms