6. Consider an electric refrigerator located in a room. Determine the direction of the work and heat interactions (in or out) when the following are taken as the system: a. The contents of the refrigerator. b. All parts of the refrigerator including the contents. c. Everything contained within the room during a winter day.

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If the heat engine is a perfect carnot cycle engine, thenefficiency = (t2-t1)/t2   where t1=temperature of cold reservoir ( ° k) = 135            t2=temperature of hot reservoir ( ° k)   = 325thereforeefficiency = (t2-t1)/t2 = (325-135)/325 = 0.5846 = 58%  note: this is the theoretical maximum efficiency of a perfect heat engine.   real-life engines do not achieve this value.

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Planck decided to assume that atoms could only vibrate at certain frequencies that were whole numbers eg 2f, 3f and so on. others used to think that atoms vibrate continuously