What happens when light from the sun passes through any type of matter

In the image, the arrow is pointing to a celestial object. which attribute disqualifies the object from being a planet?

An open cart is moving along a straight frictionless horizontal track. when rain starts falling vertically into the cart, what happens to the speed of the cart?

Balloon a has charge q, and identical mass balloon b has charge 10q. you hang them from threads near each other. choose all of the statements with which you agree. check all that apply. a. a and b exert the same magnitude forces on each other. b. the force that a exerts on b is 10 times the force that b exerts on a. c. the angle between the thread supporting a and the vertical is < the angle between the thread supporting b and the vertical. d. the force that a exerts on b is 1/10 the force that b exerts on a.