As spaceship A moves away from the earth at 0.458c, the captain observes a second spaceship (B) moving in the same direction at a speed of 0.502c relative to A. Find the speed of B relative to the earth.

here we know that ball will drop down by total distance 3.2 m

so here we know that

now using kinematics

now in the same time it will cover horizontal distance of 0.75 m

so speed of the ball will be

no. dot product   =0 when vecs at right angles

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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