A 5.3 kg block rests on a level surface. The coefficient of static friction is μ_s=0.67, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is μ_k= 0.48 A horizontal force, x is applied to the block. As x is increased, the block begins moving. Describe how the force of friction changes as x increases from the moment the block is at rest to when it begins moving. Show how you determined the force of friction at each of these times ― before the block starts moving, at the point it starts moving, and after it is moving. Show your work.

As x  is increasing it will be opposed by a static frictional force and for the object to start moving and maintain its acceleration, the magnitude of x must exceed the magnitude of the static frictional force and kinetic frictional force

Given data :

mass of block at rest ( m ) = 5.3 kg

Coefficient of static friction ( μ_s ) =0.67

Coefficient of kinetic friction is ( μ_k ) = 0.48

Horizontal force applied to block = x  

First step : magnitude of normal force ( n ) when object is at rest

n = w            where w = m*g

n - w = 0

n - ( 5.3 * 9.81 ) = 0     ∴  n = 51.94 N

Second step : Required magnitude of x before the movement of object

F =  μ_s * n

F = 0.67 * 51.94  = 34.79 N  ≈ 35 N

∴ The object will start moving once F and x = 35 N

Final step : Magnitude of x  after object start moving

F = μ_k  * n

  = 0.48 * 51.94 = 24.93 N  ≈ 25 N

∴ object will continue to accelerate at a constant speed once F and x = 25N

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As the pushing force x increases, it would be opposed by the static frictional force. As x passes a certain threshold and overcomes the maximum static friction, the block will start moving and will require a smaller magnitude x to maintain opposition to the kinetic friction and keep the block moving at a constant speed. If x stays at the magnitude required to overcome static friction, the net force applied to the block will cause it to accelerate in the same direction.

Let w denote the weight of the block, n the magnitude of the normal force, x the magnitude of the pushing force, and f the magnitude of the frictional force.

The block is initially at rest, so the net force on the box in the horizontal and vertical directions is 0:

n + (-w) = 0

n = w = m g = (5.3 kg) (9.80 m/s²) = 51.94 N

The frictional force is proportional to the normal force, so that f = µ n where µ is the coefficient of static or kinetic friction. Before the block starts moving, the maximum static frictional force will be

f = 0.67 (51.94 N) ≈ 35 N

so for 0 < x < 35 N, the block remains at rest and 0 < f < 35 N as well.

The block starts moving as soon as x = 35 N, at which point f = 35 N.

At any point after the block starts moving, we have

f = 0.48 (51.94 N) ≈ 25 N

so that x = 25 N is the required force to keep the block moving at a constant speed.

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