How many electrons should be in an atom’s valence shell (with the exception of hydrogen and helium) to become stable?

If a clock aboard a space ship traveling at 0.900 c of the speed of light relative to earth chimes once at the beginning of the hour and again when it reads one hour later, how much time would an observer on earth say elapsed between the two chimes?

Copper has free electrons per cubic meter. a 71.0-cm length of 12-gauge copper wire that is 2.05 mm in diameter carries 4.85 a of current. (a) how much time does it take for an electron to travel the length of the wire? (b) repeat part (a) for 6-gauge copper wire (diameter 4.12 mm) of the same length that carries the same current. (c) generally speaking, how does changing the diameter of a wire that carries a given amount of current affect the drift velocity of the electrons in the wire?

25pts the diagram shows the positions of the sun, moon and earth during spring tides, when the high tides are at their highest and low tides at their lowest. what is it about these positions that causes these high and low tides?