What has the ability do when a force is applied to an object over distance

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If you apply a force over a given distance - you have done work. Work = Change in Energy. If an object's kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy changes, then work is done. The force can act in the same direction of motion. Or, the force can act against the motion.

r=rho l/a where a is the area, l is the length and rho is resistivity so the greater the area the lesser the resistance thats why the earth pin is thicker bcos current follow the shortest path, so less resistive .

radiation warms things up temp rises convection currents air circ windy weather