In a certain semiconducting material the charge carriers each have a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 C. How many are entering the semiconductor per second when the current is 2.0 nA?

1124923453 electrons

Explanation:

The formula for charge in coulomb ,C =Current in amperes, A * Time in seconds, s

Given in question ;

Charge = 1.6 * 10⁻¹⁹ C

Current = 2.0 nA = 2*e⁻⁹ A

Calculate time in seconds as

1.6 * 10⁻¹⁹ = 2*e⁻⁹ * t

1.6 * 10⁻¹⁹ /2*e⁻⁹  = t

6.48e⁻¹⁶  s = t

So using t=6.48e⁻¹⁶  s and current =2*e⁻⁹ A , the charge will be;

C = 2*e⁻⁹  * 6.48e⁻¹⁶  =1.799e⁻¹⁰ C

But 1 coulomb = 6.25 x 10¹⁸ electrons

so 1.799e⁻¹⁰ C = ?{ 6.25 x 10¹⁸} *{1.799e⁻¹⁰} =  1124923453.06 electrons

hi there!

your question asks at which segment does freezing occur.

since we're talking about water, the freezing point of water will be 32 degrees fahrenheit or below.

hope this ! ~