A narrow beam of light from a laser travels through air (n = 1.00) and strikes the surface of the water (n = 1.33) in a lake at point A. The angle of incidence is 70 degrees. The depth of the lake is 4.3 m. On the flat lake-bottom is point B, directly below point A. (a) If refraction did not occur, how far away from point B would the laser beam strike the lakebottom? (b) Considering refraction, how far away from point B would the laser beam strike the lake-bottom?

A) d = 11.8m

B) d = 4.293 m

Explanation:

A) We are told that the angle of incidence;θ_i = 70°.

Now, if refraction doesn't occur, the angle of the light continues to be 70° in the water relative to the normal. Thus;

tan 70° = d/4.3m

Where d is the distance from point B at which the laser beam would strike the lakebottom.

So,d = 4.3*tan70

d = 11.8m

B) Since the light is moving from air (n1=1.00) to water (n2=1.33), we can use Snell's law to find the angle of refraction(θ_r)

So,

n1*sinθ_i = n2*sinθ_r

Thus; sinθ_r = (n1*sinθ_i)/n2

sinθ_r = (1 * sin70)/1.33

sinθ_r = 0.7065

θ_r = sin^(-1)0.7065

θ_r = 44.95°

Thus; xonsidering refraction, distance from point B at which the laser beam strikes the lake-bottom is calculated from;

d = 4.3 tan44.95

d = 4.293 m