An ice cube (n = 1.31) has a layer of water (n = 1.33) on it. What is the critical angle for a ray in water trying to enter the ice?

(Unit=deg)

Explanation:

Given that,

The Refractive index of glass is

n(ice) = 1.31

The refractive index of water is

n(water) = 1.33

What is the critical angle?

From water to ice

Critical angle is given as.

Using Snell's Rule.

Sin( θc ) = n1 / n2

for total internal reflection the incident ray is always in the denser medium! So, water is the more denser than ice.

Then, .

Sin( θc ) = n(ice) / n(water)

Sin( θc ) = 1.31 / 1.33

Sin( θc ) = 0.98496

θc = arcSin(0.98496)

θc = 80.05°

The critical angle is 80.05°

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force is based upon mass and acceleration.the statement is not always true.

it can be explained from newton's second law of motion.

as per newton's second law of motion the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place along the direction of force.

mathematically it can be written as -

                                              ⇒      

here   k is the proportionality constant whose value is 1.

                                                            [a is the acceleration=dv/dt]

hence we see that force not only depends on mass and acceleration but also on velocity and rate of change of mass. force f will depend on mass and acceleration only when mass is constant.

hence the statement that force is based upon mass and acceleration is false.