The nuclei of atoms in a certain crystalline solid haw spin one. According to quantum theory, each nucleus can therefore be in any one of three quantum states labeled by the quantum number m. where m = -1, 0, or +1. This quantum number measures the projection of the nuclear spin along a crystal axis of the solid. Since the electric charge distribution in the nucleus is not spherically symmetrical, but ellipsoidal, the energy of a nucleus depends on its spin orientation with respect to the internal electric field existing at its location. Thus a nucleus has the same energy E = elementof in the state m = 1 and the state m = -1, compared with an energy E = 0 in the state m - 0.

(a) Find an expression, as a function of absolute temperature T, of the nuclear contribution to the molar internal energy of the solid.

(b) Find an expression, as a function of T, of the nuclear contribution to the molar entropy of the solid.

(c) By directly counting the total number of accessible states, calculate the nuclear contribution to the molar entropy of the solid at wry low temperatures. Calculate it also at wry high temperatures. Show that the expression in part (b) reduces properly to these values as T rightarrow 0 and T rightarrow infinity.

(d) Make a qualitative graph showing the temperature dependence of the nuclear contribution to the molar heat capacity of the solid. Calculate its temperature dependence explicitly. What is the temperature dependence for large values of T?

(a) E = [2ξ]  /  [1+2]]

(b) S = k.ln(1+2) + [ξ]  /  T[1+2]]

(c) S = k.ln 3 (These values directly obtained from the result of (b) when T⇒0  &  T⇒∞.)

Explanation:

Given:

One of three quantum states labeled by the quantum numbers m,

Where m = -1 , 0 or 1

A nucleus has the same energy E= e in the state m = 1  &  m = -1

Compared with an energy E = 0 in the state m = 0.

relativism, roughly put, is the view that truth and falsity, right and wrong, standards of reasoning, and procedures of justification are products of differing conventions and frameworks of assessment and that their authority is confined to the context giving rise to them. more precisely, “relativism” covers views which maintain that—at a high level of abstraction—at least some class of things have the properties they have (e.g., beautiful, morally good, epistemically justified) not simpliciter, but only relative to a given framework of assessment (e.g., local cultural norms, individual standards), and correspondingly, that the truth of claims attributing these properties holds only once the relevant framework of assessment is specified or supplied. relativists characteristically insist, furthermore, that if something is only relatively so, then there can be no framework-independent vantage point from which the matter of whether the thing in question is so can be established.

relativism has been, in its various guises, both one of the most popular and most reviled philosophical doctrines of our time. defenders see it as a harbinger of tolerance and the only ethical and epistemic stance worthy of the open-minded and tolerant. detractors dismiss it for its alleged incoherence and uncritical intellectual permissiveness. debates about relativism permeate the whole spectrum of philosophical sub-disciplines. from ethics to epistemology, science to religion, political theory to ontology, theories of meaning and even logic, philosophy has felt the need to respond to this heady and seemingly subversive idea. discussions of relativism often also invoke considerations relevant to the very nature and methodology of philosophy and to the division between the so-called “analytic and continental” camps in philosophy. and yet, despite a long history of debate going back to plato and an increasingly large body of writing, it is still difficult to come to an agreed definition of what, at its core, relativism is, and what philosophical import it has. this entry attempts to provide a broad account of the many ways in which “relativism” has been defined, explained, defended and criticized.

explanation:

answer and explanation;