Unpolarized light with intensity I0I0I_0 is incident on an ideal polarizing filter. The emerging light strikes a second ideal polarizing filter whose axis is at 40.0∘∘ to that of the first. Determine the intensity of the beam after it has passed through the second polarizer. g

Explanation:

When the unpolarized light passes through the first polarizer, only the component of the light parallel to the axis of the polarizer passes through.

Therefore, after the first polarizer, the intensity of light passing through it is halved, so the intensity after the first polarizer is:

Then, the light passes through the second polarizer. In this case, the intensity of the light passing through the 2nd polarizer is given by Malus' law:

where

is the angle between the axes of the two polarizer

Here we have

So the intensity after the 2nd polarizer is

And substituting the expression for I1, we find:

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