what happens if the cannonball's velocity is enough to overpower the pull of Earth’s gravity?

See the explanation below.

Explanation:

This was an exercise that Isaac Newton posed to himself, asking this same question, which will happen if I manage to shoot a cannonball at different speeds from the top of a mountain, and the speeds are increasing more and more, the point of travel or range will be increasing. But at a time when you reach a very large cannonball initial launch speed value, so large that it allows the ball to escape the gravitational force of the Earth and orbit around it. For the Earth the average escape speed from sea level is 11.19 km / s