If a positively charged ion is more concentrated outside the cell, the forces required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed . Thus, the equilibrium potential for this ion would be charged. If a positively charged ion is more concentrated outside the cell, the forces required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed . Thus, the equilibrium potential for this ion would be charged. inward : negatively outward : positively outward : neutrally inward : positively outward : negatively

If a positively charged ion is more concentrated outside the cell, the forces required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed OUTWARD. Thus, the equilibrium potential for this ion would be POSITIVELY charged. The correct answer is OUTWARD: POSITIVELY.

Explanation: Usually across a cell membrane there is a force that acts on it which is as a result of unequal distribution of charges. This force is known as electrochemical driving force. It is determined by the difference between the membrane potential ( that is, the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane) and the ion equilibrium potential. The membrane potential of a cell helps in signal transmission between different parts of the cell and results when there is unequal distribution across the cell.

Therefore If a positively charged ion is more concentrated outside the cell, the forces required to balance the chemical gradient would be directed outward.Thus, the equilibrium potential for this ion would be positively charged.

it is given that trillions of microbes make up to 1% to 3% of the body mass.

let's take average of this percentage: 2%

consider the average mass of the human body as 70 kg.

then, trillions of microbes would have mass  

therefore, 100 trillion micro-organisms would weigh:

this is an approximate value and could change depending on the mass of the human body and percentage of the microbes present in it.

average mass per microorganism =