Two steel plates are to be held together by means of 16-mm-diameter high-strength steel bolts fitting snugly inside cylindrical brass spacers. knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 216 mpa in the bolts and 143 mpa in the spacers, determine the outer diameter of the spacers that yields the most economical and safe design. the outer diameter of the spacers that yields the most economical and safe design is 34.854 mm

So then the outer diameter for the spaces should be 25.35 in order to have the most economical and safe design.

Explanation:

Let's define some notation first:

represent the tensile stress for the bolt

represent the tensile stress for the spacer

the bolt diameter

the value that we want to find.

For this case we need to remember the definition of tensile stress given by:

And if we solve for P we got:

where P represent the normal stress

For this case we want that the most economical space and we can do this setting equal the both values of P for this case like this:

And if we replace we got:

And if we cancel the constant terms we got:

And if we solve for the variable of interest we got:

And taking common factor we got:

And if we take the square root on both sides we got:

And if we replace we got:

So then the outer diameter for the spaces should be 25.35 in order to have the most economical and safe design.

the order for strong to weak forces such as

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

the fundamental forces are those forces that act between to objects or element to make interactions. there are four types of fundamental forces such as strong and weak nuclear forces (due to protons and electrons), electromagnetic force (due to the motion of electrons) and gravitational force (due to orbital movement of the planet). if these forces are arranged on the basis of their maximum strength then the order is

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force