Joe noted that the temperature in his aquarium dropped overnight. he concluded that thermal energy moved from the aquarium to the air around it. does this validate or invalidate the law of conservation of energy?

 validate                                            

Explanation:

Law of Conservation of energy

According to the law of conservation of energy, energy of a body or a system gets transferred to another system as different energy. We cannot create energy nor we can destroy energy. Energy is always transformed into other forms of energy.

In the context, Joe noticed that the aquarium's temperature dropped during the night and he concluded that according to the law of conservation of energy, the energy of the aquarium in terms of thermal energy is being transferred to the surrounding air.

This is because the aquarium is considered to be an open system where energy can come in and move out.

Hence Joe's statement is valid.

car a and b are moving in opposite directions

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scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.