At the very end of wagner's series of operas the ring of nibelung, brunnhilde takes the golden ring form the finger of the dead siegfried and throws it into the rhine, where it sinks to the bottom of the river. assuming that the ring is small enough to be treated as a point compared with the depth of the river and that the rhine is 10.0 m deep where the ring goes in, what is the area of the largest circle at the surface of the water over which light from the ring could escape from the water?

**additional problem
also determine the apparent depth of the ring; that is, determine the distance the ring seem to be below the fluid interface when viewd from directly above.

a) 404 m² b) apparent height = 7.5 m

Explanation:

This question is about refraction and total internal refraction.

Here I will take refractive index of air and water

Now let's look at the diagram I have attached here

At some angle A, the light from the ring (yellow point) under water will be totally internally refracted (B = 90°), which means that rays of light (yellow arrow) that make large enough angle A will not be able to escape from the water. Since we assumed that the ring is a point, there will be a critical cone of angle A with the ring at its apex which traces a circle of radius R on the surface of water, which, beyond this radius, no light could escape.

According to snell's law

At critical angle B = 90°

Therefore

With this, we can find the radius of the circle (refer to my diagram)

And with that we can find the area

Additional Problem

For apparent depth from above, we can think that, since we are accustomed to seeing light at the speed of c in air, our brain interpret light from any source to be traveling at c. This causes light that originated under water, which has the speed of

to appear as if it has traveled with the same duration as light with speed c

In order for this to happen our brain perceive shortened length  which is the apparent depth.

To put it in mathematical term

So we get apparent depth

answer; (arch); good luck

the answer would be c. motion and direction

i hope this : )