It is said that galileo discovered a basic principle of the pendulum - that the period is independent of the amplitude - by using his pulse to time the period of swinging lamps in the cathedral as they swayed in the breeze. suppose that one oscillation of a swinging lamp takes 5.5s. a) how long is the lamp chain? b) what maximum speed does it take for the pendulum to reach 4.0 degrees on the opposite side?

a) 7.5 m b) 0.59 m/s

Explanation:

a) For a simple pendulum, it can be showed that the period of the SHM that the pendulum does is as follows:

T = 2π √l/g, where l is the length of the string that is attached to the bob of the pendulum, in this case, the lamp chain.

Solving for l, we have:

l = (T/2π)² . g = (5.5)² s² / (2π)² . 9.8 m/s² = 7.5 m

b) For small angles, we can apply the conservation of energy, between the point of lowest potential energy (where speed is maximum) and the point where the potential energy is highest, and speed is zero, as follows:

U₁ + K₁ = U₂ + K₂

As we can choose freely our reference level for gravitational potential energy, we define U₁ = m. g. 0 = 0

so, at this point, K₁ = Kmax = 1/2 m vmax²

In the highest point of trajectory, v=0, ⇒ K₂ = 0

U₂ = m.g. h

Now, this height h, for small angles, can be approximated by the following expression:

h = l -l cosθ, where θ is the angle that the lamp chain aparts from vertical, in this case, 4º.

Replacing by the values, h is as follows:

h = 7.5 m - 7.5. cos 4º= 0.02 m

Now, we can write the following:

U₂ = K₁ ⇒ m.g. h = 1/2 mvmax² ⇒ vmax = √2.g.h = 0.59 m/s

moving ball hits still ball. mover stops, hit ball moves. momentum transfer.