Consider nn two-state systems at temperature tt. all systems are identical, with one state at energy 0 and the other at energy ϵϵ. using the boltzmann factor for the two states, compute a formula for the energy u(t)u(t) as a function of nn,ϵϵ, and tt. using c(t)=dudtc(t)=dudt, derive a formula for the heat capacity in terms of the same variables. use the formulas for u(t)u(t) and c(t)c(t) to answer the questions below, assuming that n=6.022 × 1023 and ϵ=ϵ= 2.07 × 10-21 j for all questions.

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia

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