While keeping your food cold, your refrigerator transfers energy from the inside to the surroundings. thus thermal energy goes from a colder object to a warmer one. what can you say about this? a. it is a violation of the second law of thermodynamics. b. it is not a violation of the second law of thermodynamics because refrigerators can have efficiency of 100%. c. it is not a violation of the second law of thermodynamics because the second law doesn't apply to refrigerators. d. the second law of thermodynamics applies in this situation, but it is not violated because the energy did not spontaneously go from cold to hot.

When temperature of a substance increases, of its particles increase resulting in more between particles. real world applications of thermal expansion absolute zero (-273 degrees c) is the lowest possible temperature on the kelvin scale. it is a measure of where a substance has no kinetic energy. heat is a process of the . energy flows spontaneously from a object to a until equilibrium is reached. heat is measured in heat is transferred throughis a method of heat transfer that occurs between particles of matter that are in direct contact with each other. are poor conductors that impede / reduce the rate of heat transfer. is a method of heat transfer that occurs in fluids (non-solids) by means of currents. real world application of convectiona method of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. when energy moves from one object to another inside a closed system, no energy is or in the system in the transaction. systems will spontaneously move to a state of organized energy or high disorder over time called