What do we mean when we say that energy levels are quantized in atoms? under what circumstances can energy level transitions occur?

How do you know how many valence electrons an atom has?

On mars a rock falls an unknown vertical distance from a resting position and lands in a crater. if it takes the rock 2.5 seconds to fall, how high is the cliff the rock fell from? mars' surface gravity is 3.8 m/s2. a. 9.5 m b. 11.9 m c. 15.2 m d. 23.8 m

Asteel tube (k=50 w/mk) of inner and outer diameter di = 20mm and do=26mm, respectively, is used to transfer heat from hot gases flowing over the tube (h-hot = 200w/m2k) to cold water flowing through the tube (h-cold = 8000 w/m2k). what is the cold-side overall heat transfer coefficient uc? to enhance heat transfer 16 straight fins of rectangular profile are installed longitudinally along the outer surface of the tube. the fins are equally spaced around the circumference of the tube, each having a thickness of 2mm and a length of 15mm. what is the corresponding overall heat transfer coefficient uc? *solve for uc in both cases*