Smoking tobacco is bad for your circulatory health. in an attempt to maintain the blood's capacity to deliver oxygen, the body increases its red blood cell production, and this increases the viscosity of the blood. in addition, nicotine from tobacco causes arteries to constrict. for a nonsmoker, with blood viscosity of 2.5×10−3pa⋅s, normal blood flow requires a pressure difference of 8.0 mm of hg between the two ends of an artery. if this person were to smoke regularly, his blood viscosity would increase to 2.7×10−3pa⋅s, and the arterial diameter would constrict to 90 % of its normal value.

The heater element of a 120 v toaster is a 5.4 m length of nichrome wire, whose diameter is 0.48 mm. the resistivity of nichrome at the operating temperature of the toaster is 1.3 × 10-6 ω·m. the toaster is operated at a voltage of 120 v. (a) what is the power drawn by the toaster? (b) if the cost of electricity is 12 ¢ per kilowatt-hour, and it takes 2 minutes to toast bread, how much does it cost for toasted bread? (c) when the heater element is at room temperature, is the resistivity in the nichrome wire greater than, less than, or equal to it’s resistivity when at operating temperature? explain.