Two charges are brought together until they are 50.0 cm apart, causing the electric force between them to increase by a factor of exactly 4. what was their initial separation distance?

Agas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series: process 12: compression with pv= constant from 1 bar and 1 liter to 4 bar. process 23: constant pressure expansion to 1 liter. process 31: constant volume calculate the pressure and volume at each state, and sketch the processes on a p-vdiagram labeled with pressure and volume values at each numbered stat

(a) if the pressure in gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor do (i) vrms and (ii) change? (b) is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20oc) without heating it? explain.

Which of the following is a measure of the amount of light a star directly emits?               a.  luminosity    b.  intensity    c.  wavelength    d.  brightness