Why is dose equvialent in rem or sv used to define the effective dose equivalent and the committed dose equivalent?

Ahollow metal sphere has 6 cm and 11 cm inner and outer radii, respectively. the surface charge density on the inside surface is −100nc/m2. the surface charge density on the exterior surface is:

A33.1 g copper object is launched from a 1.5 m 30° steel incline positioned on the floor by being pulled up a string attached to a 50.0 g mass suspended vertically over a pulley. the object is projected towards a glass table where it lands when it is at the point along its trajectory with the lowest speed. it comes to a halt when it clears the opposite edge of the table. it then falls and lands on 9 physics texts each 5 cm thick that are stacked on the floor on the opposite side of the table. assume that the table does not have a ledge and the rectangular object experiences 0.05 n of air resistance as it falls towards the books. how far and how long did the object travel and how fast does it hit the books. assume that at the moment the copper object leaves the incline, the massless string and ideal pulley break off

Africtionless piston-cylinder contains 50 l of saturated liquid r-134a. the piston has a mass and an area resulting in an applied pressure of 500 kpa on the refrigerant. the refrigerant is now heated until its temperature rises to 70∘c. calculate the work (in kj) done during this process.