Why is solar energy transferred to earth by radiation

Because between the Earth and Sun there is vacuum

There are three ways in which heat is transmitted:

1.By Conduction, when the transmission is by the direct contact.

2.By Convection, heat transfer in fluids (like water or the air, for example).  

3.By Radiation, by the electromagnetic waves (they can travel through any medium and in vacumm) .

So, the space between the Earth and the Sun is vacuum, this means the energy cannot be transmitted by convection, nor conduction. It must be transmitted by electromagnetic waves that are able to travel with or without a medium, and this is called radiation.

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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