All objects emit electromagnetic radiation as a result of

One

All objects, every one, as long as the object is not at absolute zero (not very many objects are -- like no common object) emit electromagnetic radiation because they possess thermal (heat) energy.

The answer, surprisingly, is A.

Two

This is just an example of Snells law. The angles are with the normal.

Index of Refraction = sin(input angle) / sin(outgoing angle)

Index of Refraction = sin(angle incidence)/sin(angle of refraction)

Index of Refraction = Sin (36)/Sin(27.5)

Index = 1.28 (rounded)

the closer the planet is to the sun, the larger the gravity