Psychodynamic psychologists believe that behavior is aimed at satisfying conscious desires and wishes.

the ileocecal valve (also called bauhin valve), which limits the rate of food passage into the cecum and may prevent material from returning to the small intestine.

between the two muscle layers is the myenteric or auerbach's plexus, which controls peristalsis. in the colon, the muscularis externa is much thicker because the feces are large and heavy, requiring more force to push along. the stomach has a third layer of muscularis externa: the inner oblique layer.