Chris is a 28-year-old male who complains of lower back pain that began 3 days ago. the pain is worse when he stands or bends, and it is somewhat relieved when he sits. the clinician performs the straight-leg raise test and it is negative. plain film x-ray is positive. which diagnosis is most likely?

Osteoarthritis

explanation - osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down

Plain film X-ray cannot tell much about the diagnosis of pain but is helpful in indicating a vertebral fracture, a swelling in the lumbar region, spinal stenosis, disc replacement.

Explanation

If the straight leg test is negative, it shows that the lower back pain is localized and non-radiating. A positive X-ray of the lower back i.e. the lumbosacral spine region is indicative of spinal stenosis, lumbar strain, sciatica etc. Any localized injury due to strain may cause low back pain.

between the two muscle layers is the myenteric or auerbach's plexus, which controls peristalsis. in the colon, the muscularis externa is much thicker because the feces are large and heavy, requiring more force to push along. the stomach has a third layer of muscularis externa: the inner oblique layer.