The voice box has a number of cartilages which relate to producing and modifying sound. complete the following questions using either epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage:
a. forms foundation for other phonation cartilages to anchor to
b. increases pitch of vocal folds by stretching the folds (give cartilage name and what direction it moves)
c. decreases the pitch of the vocal folds b relaxing the folds (give cartilage name and what direction it moves)
d. spreads the vocal folds open so that you may breathe more easily (give cartilage name and whether rotate lateral or rotate medial)
e. brings the vocal folds together so that passing air may vibrate them (give cartilage name and whether rotate lateral or rotate medial)

Mr. will, a 67-year-old patient, is postoperative day 2 after a coronary artery bypass graft operation to revascularize his coronary arteries that were significantly blocked. he has a midline incision of his chest and a 7-inch incision on the inner aspect of his right thigh where a saphenous vein graft was harvested and used to vascularize the blocked coronary artery. the surgeon ordered oxycodone 5 mg every 4 hours prn for moderate pain and oxycodone 10 mg every 4 hours prn for severe pain. a. considering the patient's age, what medication administration considerations should the nurse incorporate into the pain management plan and why? b. what measures should the nurse provide the patient to prevent adverse effects of analgesic agents from occurring? c. what nonpharmacologic pain management methods should the nurse teach to mr. will to assist with pain management?