At a Clover City Council meeting, a plan to fund more sign language programs was presented. The reasoning behind the request was that less than 25% of parents with hearing-impaired children have the ability to pass a sign-language exam. If this is true, the council will agree to fund more programs for these parents. The council decides to take a 175-person volunteer sample of parents in Clover City that have children with auditory issues and conduct a significance test for H0: p = 0.25 and Ha: p < 0.25, where p is the proportion of these parents that can pass the sign language exam. They will perform the significance test at a significance level of α = 0.05 for the hypotheses. Part A: Describe a Type II error that could occur. What impact could this error have on the situation?

Part B: Out of the 175 volunteer parents of children with hearing problems, 54 passed, resulting in a p-value of 0.96. What can you conclude from this p-value given the data of the 175 parents is sufficient to perform a significance test for the hypotheses?

Part C: What possible defect in the study can you find in Part B? Explain.