The mean gross annual incomes of certified welders are normally distributed with the mean of $20,000 and a standard deviation of $2,000. The ship building association wishes to find out whether their welders earn more or less than $20,000 annually. The alternate hypothesis is that the mean is not $20,000. Required:
What is the alternate hypothesis?

Aresearch study is studying the effects of a new drug for osteoporosis alzheimer's disease (ad) for women above the age of 65 years. a group of individuals with osteoporosis is randomized into two groups. one group is treated conventionally, and the second group is treated with the new medication. assessments are made at 3, 6, 12, 36, and 48 months. the conventionally treated group is assessed for ad using a serum blood test, and the treatment group is assessed for ad using a pet radiotracer that binds to beta-amyloid plaques. in comparing these 2 trial arms, the authors of the study may encounter which type of bias? a. selection bias on the risk of developing b. measurement bias c. confounding bias d. recall bias e. lead-time bias