. A study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer. 3,000 cases and 3,000 controls were enrolled in the study. Among the cases, 1293 had used artificial sweeteners in the past, while 1707 had never used artificial sweeteners. Of the controls, 855 had used sweeteners and 2145 had not. a. What is the exposure and what is the disease

Exposed group has 2 times the odds of bladder cancer than not exposed group based on our odds ratio.

The disease is bladder cancer.

Explanation:

Calculate odds for exposed group =

1293 with bladder cancer had used artificial sweeteners in the past/

855 without bladder cancer had used sweeteners= 1.51

Calculate odds for not exposed group=

1707 with bladder cancer had never used artificial sweeteners/ 2145 without bladder cancer had never used artificial sweeteners=0.795

Odds ratio=odds for exposed group/odds for not exposed group

= 1.51/0.795

= 1.899

Therefore exposed group has two times the odds of bladder cancer than not exposed group.

or