Joseph, Pedro, Samuel, and David leave their backpacks by the classroom door at the start of class. When the fire alarm rings they rush to leave, each randomly grabbing a backpack on the way out. What is the probability that each boy takes a backpack that is not his own?

Agroup of student volunteers participates in a study designed to assess several behavioral interventions for improving output in a repetitive task. prior to the beginning of the study, all volunteers unknowingly observed, and their output is measured. at the beginning of the study, prior to any intervention, the volunteers perform the same task under the observation of a study administrator, and their overall output increases. which of the following terms describes this phenomenon? a. simpson's paradox b. hawthorne effect are d. novelty effect d. pygmalion effect e. observer-expectancy effect