Which of the following relationships are causal relationships?
a. height and intelligence
b. distance driven and gallons of gas in tank
c. shoe size and running speed
d. number of correct answers on a test and test score

Suppose a man is heterozygous for heterochromia, an autosomal dominant disorder which causes two different‑colored eyes in an individual, produced 25‑offspring with his normal‑eyed wife. of their children, 15 were heterochromatic and 10 were‑normal. calculate the chi‑square value for this observation.

Needmax recorded the heights of 500 male humans. he found that the heights were normally distributed around a mean of 177 centimeters. which statements about max’s data must be true? a) the median of max’s data is 250 b) more than half of the data points max recorded were 177 centimeters. c) a data point chosen at random is as likely to be above the mean as it is to be below the mean. d) every height within three standard deviations of the mean is equally likely to be chosen if a data point is selected at random.

Weekly wages at a certain factory are normally distributed with a mean of $400 and a standard deviation of $50. find the probability that a worker selected at random makes between $450 and $500