The Chair of the Operations Management Department at Quality University wants to construct a p-chart for determining whether the four faculty teaching the basic P/OM course are under control with regard to the number of students who fail the course. Accordingly, he sampled 50 final grades from last year for each instructor, with the following results: INSTRUCTOR NUMBER OF FAILURES
Prof. A 13
Prof. B 0
Prof. C 11
Prof. D 16

What is the estimate of the mean proportion of failures for these instructors?

a. 0.16
b. 0.40
c. 0.11
d. 0.13
e. 0.10