alan has 12 books, vadim has 18 books. What is the ratio of the number of books they have altogether to the number of books Vadim has

Agroup of student volunteers participates in a study designed to assess several behavioral interventions for improving output in a repetitive task. prior to the beginning of the study, all volunteers unknowingly observed, and their output is measured. at the beginning of the study, prior to any intervention, the volunteers perform the same task under the observation of a study administrator, and their overall output increases. which of the following terms describes this phenomenon? a. simpson's paradox b. hawthorne effect are d. novelty effect d. pygmalion effect e. observer-expectancy effect