SAT coaching: A sample of 10 students took a class designed to improve their SAT math scores. Following are their scores before and after the class.

Before 439 451 435 431 451 454 453 463 491 455
After 511 526 529 473 493 440 466 481 482 459

Can you conclude that the mean increase in scores is greater than 15 points? Let u1, represent the mean score after the class and ud = u1-u2. Use the alpha = 0.01 level and the P-value method with the table.

So the p value is higher than any significance level given, so then we can conclude that we FAIL to reject the null hypothesis and we can't conclude that the difference between the means after and before is higher than 15 at 1% of significance

Step-by-step explanation:

Previous concepts

A paired t-test is used to compare two population means where you have two samples in  which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the other sample. For example  if we have Before-and-after observations (This problem) we can use it.  

Let put some notation  

x=test value before , y = test value after

x: 439 451 435 431 451 454 453 463 491 455

y: 511 526 529 473 493 440 466 481 482 459

Solution to the problem

The system of hypothesis for this case are:

Null hypothesis:

Alternative hypothesis:

The first step is calculate the difference and we obtain this:

d: 72, 75, 94, 42, 42, -14, 13, 18, -9, 4

The second step is calculate the mean difference  

The third step would be calculate the standard deviation for the differences, and we got:

The 4 step is calculate the statistic given by :

The next step is calculate the degrees of freedom given by:

Now we can calculate the p value, since we have a left tailed test the p value is given by:

So the p value is higher than any significance level given, so then we can conclude that we FAIL to reject the null hypothesis and we can't conclude that the difference between the means after and before is higher than 15 at 1% of significance

the central idea is that:

individuals should refuse to cooperate with institutions they believe unjust.

thoreau felt  that governments were more often agents of corruption than justice, even democracies, and that just because the majority feels a certain way does not make it just or correct in absolute terms. he uses the fact that slavery exists in our democracy to support this idea.

he goes on to say that, as a result, people should live true to their own internal laws regarding right and wrong, as a product of reflection and a moral life, rather than following every law that society imposes. 

step-by-step explanation: