Refer to the Minitab output below in which x = NO3? wet deposition (g N/m2) and y = lichen N (% dry weight).

The regression equation is
lichen N = 0.380 + 0.948 no3 depo
Predictor Coef Stdev t-ratio p
Constant 0.37988 0.09978 3.81 0.003
no3 depo 0.9479 0.1843 5.14 0.000

s = 0.1946 R-sq = 70.6% R-sq (adj) = 68.0%
Analysis of Variance
SOURCE DF SS MS F P
Regression 1 1.0023 1.0023 26.46 0.000
Error 11 0.4167 0.0379
Total 12 1.4190

(a) Carry out the model utility test at level 0.01, using the rejection region approach.
State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.

a)H0: ?1 = 0

Ha: ?1 < 0

b)H0: ?1 = 0

Ha: ?1 > 0

c)H0: ?1 ? 0

Ha: ?1 = 0

d)H0: ?1 = 0

Ha: ?1 ? 0

State the rejection region(s). If the critical region is one-sided, enter NONE for the unused region. Round your answers to three decimal places.

t ?
t ?

Compute the test statistic value. Round your answer to two decimal places.
t =

State the conclusion in the problem context.

a)Reject H0.The model is useful.

b)Reject H0.The model is not useful.

c)Fail to reject H0.The model is useful.

d)Fail to reject H0.The model is not useful.

(b) Repeat part (a) using the P-value approach. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)
P-value =

State the conclusion in the problem context.

a)Reject H0. The model is useful.

b)Reject H0. The model is not useful.

c)Fail to reject H0. The model is useful.

d)Fail to reject H0. The model is not useful.