Translate into FOL short form (e. g., H for happy). Use Ax and Ex for quantifiers. Always use x for a variable, and only use y if overlapping scope requires it. When translating "everyone", you can assume the domain of quantification is restricted to people. So "Everyone is guilty" is AxG(x), not Ax(P(x)->G(x)). Use connectives, such as negation, whenever possible to capture logical structure. 1. Everyone is happy. AxHappy(x) 2. Not everyone is happy. ExHappy(x) 3. Everyone is not happy. 4. Everyone is either happy or unhappy. 5. Either everyone is happy or everyone is unhappy. 6. Either everyone is happy or not everyone is happy.