If a person lives in london, then the person lives in england. james lives in england, so he lives in london.
determine if the statement is valid.
a. no, p-9,9p is an invalid argument. london is not the only city in england.
b. yes, p - g, p: -9. james does not live in london, so he does not live in england.
c. yes,
p g, therefore, 9 →p is a valid argument. he lives in england, so he lives in london.
d. there is not enough information to determine.