Let h be a subgroup of a group g. we call h characteristic in g if for any automorphism σ∈aut(g) of g, we have σ(h)=h.
(a) prove that if σ(h)⊂h for all σ∈aut(g), then h is characteristic in g.
(b) prove that the center z(g) of g is characteristic in g.

Problem 1. Let G be a group and let H, K be two subgroups of G. Dene the set HK = {hk : h ∈ H,k ∈ K}.

a) Prove that if both H and K are normal then H ∩ K is also a normal subgroup of G.

b) Prove that if H is normal then H ∩ K is a normal subgroup of K.

c) Prove that if H is normal then HK = KH and HK is a subgroup of G.

d) Prove that if both H and K are normal then HK is a normal subgroup of G.

e) What is HK when G = D16, H = {I,S}, K = {I,T2,T4,T6}? Can you give geometric description of HK?

Solution: a) We know that H ∩ K is a subgroup (Problem 3a) of homework 33). In order to prove that it is a normal subgroup let g ∈ G and h ∈ H ∩ K. Thus h ∈ H and h ∈ K. Since both H and K are normal, we have ghg−1 ∈ H and ghg−1 ∈ K. Consequently, ghg−1 ∈ H ∩ K, which proves that H ∩ K is a normal subgroup.

b) Suppose that H G. Let K ∈ k and h ∈ H ∩ K. Then khk−1 ∈ H (since H is normal in G) and khk−1 ∈ K (since both h and k are in K), so khk−1 ∈ H ∩ K. This proves that H ∩ K K.

c) Let x ∈ HK. Then x = hk for some h ∈ H and k ∈ K. Note that x = hk = k(k−1hk). Since k ∈ K and k−1hk ∈ H (here we use the assumption that H G), we see that x ∈ KH. This shows that HK ⊆ KH. To see the opposite inclusion, consider y ∈ KH, so y = kh for some h ∈ H and k ∈ K. Thus y = (khk−1)k ∈ HK, which proves that KH ⊆ HK and therefoere HK = KH. To prove that HK is a subgroup note that e = e · e ∈ HK. If a,b ∈ HK then a = hk and b = h1k1 for some h,h1 ∈ H and k,k1 ∈ K. Thus ab = hkh1k1. Since HK = KH and kh1 ∈ KH, we have kh1 = h2k2 for some k2 ∈ K, h2 ∈ H. Consequently,

ab = h(kh1)k1 = h(h2k2)k1 = (hh2)(k2k1) ∈ HK

(since hh2 ∈ H and k2k1 ∈ K). Thus HK is closed under multiplication. Finally,

Step-by-step explanation:

first anwser choice.

step-by-step explanation:

the greater/less or equal to symbol (> or < with the line at the bottom) is a closed/filled in circle.

-5c + 2 _< _27

subtract from both sides by 2

-5c _< _ 27

divide both sides by -5

c _< _ 5.4

flip the inequality sign

c _> _5.4

the only possible answer that would match the simplified inequality is the first answer choice

the largest number of the four options is 1.8 x 10-2

you have it in scientific notation.

1.80 x 10-6   = 0.00000180

1.80 x 10-4   = 0.000180 (bigger, or "less small", than the former one)

so

1.8 x 10-2       = 0.0180. as you see. the "less small", or the biggest one of them all.

as you have negative exponent, it means you are dividing 1.8 by 100 (i.e. moving the dot towards left, two times).

if you had positive exponent for the scientific notation, power of tenths, you would be multiplying times 100 (moving the dot towards right) as below:

1.8 x (10)2 = 180

so. if you have negative exponent in scientific notation, move the dot toward left. if it is positive, toward right as many times the exponent tells you.