The division and sharing of power between state and national governments is the principle of a. checks and balances. b. federalism. c. branching. d. popular sovereignty.

Federalism

Federalism is a form of government in which the responsibilities and powers of governmental organizations mentioned in the nation’s constitution are divided among central government, looking after issues concerning national importance, while the regional government is entrusted to look after matters concerning regional importance. None of the governmental organizations should encroach over the powers and responsibilities on the other.  

Further Explanation-

Both the governments closely work together in a united political system, ensuring the sovereignty of the nation. Federalism can be of two types- both the central and the regional governments might have their equal share of powers and responsibility, or the quasi-federal government, where the central government is entrusted with more responsibilities and powers compared to that of the regional governments.  The concept of federalism was established in the Constitution of the United States of America in 1787. The term Federalism is derived from the Latin word ‘foedus’ meaning a covenant or treaty. The federal form of government emerged in the nineteenth century, which saw the fall of monarchies, and the rise of independent sovereign states ruled by democratically elected governments. A number of provinces wishing to coalesce into one independent sovereign state preferred the federal form of government so that their regional identities could be intact while uniting with a common national identity. Federalism has emerged as one of the perfect ways to include the various minorities, ethnic groups, and other regionalities within an all-encompassing nationalist identity while preserving the autonomy of such groups.  

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Answer Details-

Grade- High School.

Chapter- Types of Governments.

Subject- Political Science.

Additional Remarks- This chapter mentions types of governments and their formation.

Keywords-

Federal institutions, division of powers, sovereignty, responsibility, central government, ethnic groups, minorities, regional identities.

i think its provide for the common defense

i really really really really really really dont know