Read the passage from olaudah equiano’s autobiography. the closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died . . the shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. which is described in the text?

The correct answer is C: The existence of strong smells.

It is clearly understood the existence of strong smells, when the author refers to “…so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. The air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died…”

This extract is taken from the description of Olaudah Equiano young year’s experiences on board of the slave ship in the book “Middle Passage: the journey between Africa and the New World.”  

The Middle Passage is about life in the ship where African’s salves were densely packed onto those ships, to be transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean. The duration of the trip was about three or four month. The slaves were chained in rows on the floor or on shelves in the most inhuman conditions. The author describes how those slaves –approximately 600 hundred- suffered and even die on the journey to Barbados, a Caribbean Island.

pennsylvania pennsylvania colony was a proprietary colony founded when william penn was awarded a charter by king charles ii in 1681. he set up the colony as one of religious freedom. the government included a representative legislature with popularly elected officials. all taxpaying freemen could vote.

i hope this

when studying cause and effect, historians usually group the causes into different categories. for example, cultural causes reflect how a society’s literature and art convey the way the society saw itself in relation to the rest of the world. another resource that historians use to understand society is pop culture, which tells them the trends and ideas that are preferred by the common people. when studying cause and effect, it’s important to remember multiple causation, or the idea that an effect could have several causes and vice versa.  

the correct option is “cultural causes” since art and literature are related to the culture of a place. culture is determined by literature, art, music.

the correct option is “pop culture” since it reflects the likes and ideas of common people whereas the rest of the options do not focus on common people.  

the correct option is “multiple causation” since it refers to the idea that events are caused by multiple reasons, not just a single one.