Countries in the middle east, like saudi arabia and iran, have acquired great wealth because of which natural resource?

During the seventeenth century a. the english monarchy was temporarily replaced by a new government called the commonwealth. b. the english enjoyed an unprecedented period of economic and political security. c. the english government was seized by the puritans, who instituted a strict oligarchy. d. the english united with spain and holland to battle france for supremacy in the new world.